EPIDEMIOCLINICAL PROFILE OF PAIN IN EMERGENCY ROOM OF THE TEACHING HOSPITAL SOUTH MAHAVOKY MAHAJANGA MADAGASCAR

Introduction: Pain is a very frequent symptom in emergency medicine and the understanding of its epidemio-clinical characters is essential to better manage it. The objective of our work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute pain in a medical emergency department. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study carried out in the Emergency Reception-Triage Service of the CHU-MA Mahajanga, from October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2019. We recorded the socio-demographic data of the patients as well as the characteristics pains. The variables were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software. The frequency of painful patients admitted is estimated at 43.5%. The Results: pain has concerned mainly patients from 46 to 60 years old (27.33%), with an average age of 57 years of female gender (61.2%). The group working in the informal sector (65.5%) was the most affected. As for the reasons for admission, it was mainly acute pain (86.3%) due to an excess nociception (97.9%), dominated by medical pathologies with preponderance digestive pathologies (34.5%). Through this study, we were able to see that pain is the most common reason for entering the Conclusion: emergency room. According to our study, it predominates in people of age more advanced and the most frequent causes are medical pathologies.

Social representations of nurses of the Emergency Care Unit towards people with mental disorder / Representaciones sociales de las enfermeras y enfermeros de la Unidad de Cuidados de Urgencia hacia las personas con trastornos mentales / Representações sociais de enfermeiros da Unidade de Pronto Atendimento às pessoas com transtorno mental

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the Social Representations of nurses from an Emergency Care Unit about the care provided to people with mental disorders. Method: Qualitative exploratory study, supported by the theoretical and methodological framework of the Theory of Social Representations. Interviews were conducted from July to August 2021. The data were processed using the IRaMuTeQ software. Results: 22 nurses were interviewed. From the processed data, three discursive categories were constructed: the tortuousness of the Psycho-Social Care Network (RAPs): in search of a path; the abyss between the health professional and the person with mental disorder; and unveiling the care of nurses in the Mental Health Emergency Care Unit. Conclusion: We identified a lack of knowledge about the Psychosocial Care Network, anchoring elements associated with previous negative experiences that influence the professional-patient relationship, and nursing care permeated by cognitive barriers. Such findings are unprecedented in the locality studied and relevant to promote the qualification of the work of nurses in mental health in the Emergency Care Unit.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las Representaciones Sociales de las enfermeras de una Unidad de Cuidados de Urgencia sobre los cuidados prestados a personas con trastornos mentales. Método: Estudio exploratorio cualitativo, apoyado en el marco teórico y metodológico de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Las entrevistas se realizaron entre julio y agosto de 2021. Los datos se procesaron con el software IraMuTeQ. Resultados: Fueron entrevistadas 22 enfermeras. A partir de los datos procesados, se construyeron tres categorías discursivas: lo tortuoso de la Red de Atención Psicosocial: en busca de un camino; el abismo entre el profesional de la salud y la persona con trastorno mental; y develar el cuidado de las enfermeras en la Unidad de Atención de Emergencias en Salud Mental. Conclusiones: Identificamos un desconocimiento de la Red de Atención Psicosocial, elementos de anclaje asociados a experiencias negativas previas que influyen en la relación profesional-paciente, y cuidados de enfermería permeados por barreras cognitivas. Tales hallazgos son inéditos en la localidad estudiada y relevantes para promover la cualificación del trabajo de enfermería en salud mental en la Unidad de Cuidados de Urgencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender as Representações Sociais de enfermeiros de uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento sobre o cuidado dispensado às pessoas com transtornos mentais. Método: Estudo exploratório qualitativo, sustentado pelo referencial teórico-metodológico da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Foram realizadas entrevistas no período de julho a agosto de 2021. Os dados foram processados com o auxílio do software IraMuTeQ. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 22 enfermeiros. A partir dos dados processados foram cosntruídas três categorias discursivas: a tortuosidade da Rede de Atenção Psiscossocial: em busca de um caminho; O abismo entre o profissional de saúde e a pessoa com transtorno mental; e desvelando o cuidado dos enfermeiros da Unidade de Pronto Atendimento em saúde mental. Conclusão Identificou-se falta de conhecimento sobre a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, elementos de ancoragem associados à experiências prévias negativas que influenciam a relação profissional-paciente e, um cuidado de enfermagem permeado por barreiras cognitivas. Tais achados são inéditos na localidade estudada e relevantes para promover a qualificação do trabalho do enfermeiro em saúde mental na Unidade de Pronto Atendimento.

Repercusión de la pandemia por SARS-COV-2 sobre las consultas en los Servicios de Emergencia Pediátrica en Uruguay / Consequences of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic on Pediatric Emergency Services in Uruguay / Repercussão da pandemia de SARS-COV-2 nas consultas nos Serviços de Emergência Pediátrica do Uruguai

En marzo de 2020 se confirma el primer caso de enfermedad por coronavirus en Uruguay, recomendándose un confinamiento social. La atención sanitaria se redujo a servicios de urgencia y emergencia (SE). Objetivo: analizar las características de las consultas pediátricas en los SE del subsector público y privado en Uruguay, durante los primeros 4 meses de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, multicéntrico. Resultados: participaron 23 SE de todas las regiones del país. Período 1 prepandemia: 14/03/19-29.07.19, período 2: 14/03/20-29/07/20 Consultas: período 1 n=121.116, período 2 n=33.099 (desciende 73%). Hospitalizaciones desde el SE: período 1 n= .6649 (tasa 5,5%). Período 2: n=2.948 (tasa 9,5%). Diagnósticos período 1: infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) alta 39.892 (33%), IRA baja 86.56 (7%), trauma menor 8.651 (7%), gastroenteritis 8.044 (6,6%), crisis asmática/CBO 7.974 (6,5%), lesiones 4.389 (3,6%), dolor abdominal 3.528 (3%), problemas de salud mental 859 (0,7%), convulsiones 758 (0,7%), patología social 678 (0,5%). Diagnósticos 2020: IRA alta 5.168 (16%), trauma menor 2.759 (8%), lesiones 2.652 (8%), dolor abdominal 1.494 (4,5%), gastroenteritis 1.296 (4%), asma/CBO 1.095 (3,3%), IRA baja 700 (2,1%), patología social 522 (1,6%), problemas de salud mental 471 (1,4%), convulsiones 408 (1,2%). Conclusiones: en los primeros meses de la pandemia hubo una reducción sostenida y significativo de consultas pediátricas en los SE. No hubo aumento en frecuencia absoluta de ninguno de los diagnósticos. Se registró un descenso histórico de las IRA bajas y las hospitalizaciones por esta causa en todo el país. Mantener una vigilancia de las consultas en los SE permitiría identificar e intervenir oportunamente si se produjeran cambios o situaciones de riesgo hasta el momento no detectadas.

In March 2020 the first case of coronavirus disease was confirmed in Uruguay, and lockdown was recommended. Health care services were reduced to Urgency and Emergency Services (ES). Objectives: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric visits to the ES of the public and private subsector in Uruguay, during the first 4 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: descriptive, retrospective. Results: 23 institutions participated. 2 periods were considered: 1) pre-pandemic, 03/14/19 to 07/29/19, 2) 03/14/20 to 07/29/20. Visits: period 1: n=121,116 (< 15 years), period 2: n=33.099 (73% decrease). Hospital admissions: period 1: n=6,649 (rate 5.5). Period 2: n=2.948 (rate 9,5). Diagnoses period 1: High acute respiratory infection 39,892 (33%), low acute respiratory infection 8,656 (7%), minor trauma 8,651 (7%), gastroenteritis 8,044 (6,6%), asthmatic crisis/CBO 7.974 (6,5%), injuries 4,389 (3,6%), abdominal pain (3,528) 3%, mental health problems 859 (0.7%), seizures 758 (0.7%), social pathology 678 (0.5% ). 2020 diagnoses: high acute respiratory infection 5.168 (16%), minor trauma 2,759 (8%), injuries 2,652 (8%), abdominal pain 1,494 (4.5%), gastroenteritis 1,296 (4%), asthma/CBO 1,095 (3,3%), low acute respiratory infection 700 (2,1%), social pathology 522 (1,6%), mental health problems 471 (1,4%), seizures 408 (1,2%). Conclusions: in the first months of the pandemic there was a sustained and significant reduction in pediatric consultations in ES. There was no increase in absolute frequency of any of the diagnoses. There was a historical decrease in low respiratory infections and hospitalizations due to this cause in the whole country. Maintaining a surveillance of the visits in the ES would enable practitioners to identify and take action in case of changes or previously undetected risk situations.

Em março de 2020, foi confirmado o primeiro caso de doença por coronavírus no Uruguai, recomendando o confinamento. A assistência à saúde foi reduzida a serviços de urgência e emergência (SE). Objetivo: analisar as características das consultas pediátricas no SE do subsetor público e privado no Uruguai, durante os primeiros 4 meses da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, multicêntrico. Resultados: participaram 23 SEs de todas as regiões do país. Período pré-pandemia 1: 14/03/19-29/07/19, período 2: 14/03/20-29/07/20 Consultas: período 1 n=121.116, período 2 n=33.099 (redução de 73%) . Internações da SE: período 1 n= 0,6649 (taxa 5,5%). Período 2: n=2.948 (taxa de 9,5%). Diagnósticos do período 1: infecção respiratória aguda alta (IRA) 39.892 (33%), LRA baixa 86,56 (7%), trauma menor 8.651 (7%), gastroenterite 8.044 (6,6%), crise asmática/CBO 7.974 (6, 5% ), lesões 4.389 (3,6%), dor abdominal 3.528 (3%), problemas de saúde mental 859 (0,7%), convulsões 758 (0,7%), patologia social 678 (0,5%). Diagnósticos 2020: IRA alta 5.168 (16%), trauma leve 2.759 (8%), lesões 2.652 (8%), dor abdominal 1.494 (4,5%), gastroenterite 1.296 (4%), asma/CBO 1.095 (3, 3%), IRA baixa 700 (2,1%), patologia social 522 (1,6%), problemas de saúde mental 471 (1,4%), convulsões 408 (1,2%). Conclusões: nos primeiros meses da pandemia houve uma redução sustentada e significativa das consultas pediátricas no SE. Não houve aumento na frequência absoluta de nenhum dos diagnósticos. Foi registrado um decréscimo histórico de IRAs baixas e internações por essa causa em todo o país. A manutenção de uma vigilância das consultas no SE permitiria identificar e intervir atempadamente nos casos de alterações ou situações de risco que até agora não tinham sido detectadas.

Assistência de urgência e emergência: desafios no atendimento a múltiplas vítimas / Urgency and emergency assistance: challenges in caring for multiple victims / Urgencias y emergencias: retos en la atención a múltiples víctimas

A urgência e emergência, por sua vez, se faz como ocorrência imprevista com ou sem risco potencial à vida, onde o indivíduo necessita de assistência e pressupõem atendimento rápido, proporcional a sua gravidade. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de promover reflexões acerca dos desafios que surgem diante do atendimento a múltiplas vítimas nos serviços médicos de urgência e emergência. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Realizou-se uma análise de materiais já publicados na literatura e artigos científicos divulgados em bases de dados: Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e Localizador de informação em Saúde. Foram encontradas nas bases de dados, 25 estudos completos, após a leitura dos resumos, 21 artigos foram selecionados para análise na íntegra, sendo 17 eleitos para integrar a revisão integrativa. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou que as equipes de atendimento pré- hospitalar vivenciam desafios para atender múltiplas vítimas, e dentro desse paradigma existem várias etapas que devem ser seguidas, que envolvem comunicação desde um protocolo de atendimento inicial ao transporte final. Portanto, observa-se a necessidade de maiores estudos e desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que auxiliam na assistência a múltiplas vítimas, como também o prepara e atualização dos profissionais.

Urgency and emergency, in turn, is made as an unforeseen occurrence with or without potential risk to life, where the individual needs assistance and quick care, in turn, proportional to its severity. The work of emergency care and the need to respond to problems presented in urgent and emergency services. This is an integrative literature review. An analysis was performed of materials already published in the literature and articles published in databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Health Information Locator. All studies were complete, after reading the studies,21 articles were selected for full analysis, with 17 studies elected to integrate the integrative review. Results obtained, observed that pre care teams experience challenges to support various hospital communication protocols, and within these paradigms from initial care to transport. Therefore, there is a need for studies and development of technologies that assist in the installation of larger and more up-to-date devices, there is a need for studies and development of new technologies, as well as preparation.

La atención de urgencia y emergencia es un suceso imprevisto con o sin riesgo potencial para la vida, en el que el individuo necesita asistencia y requiere una atención rápida, proporcional a su gravedad. Este documento pretende promover la reflexión sobre los retos que surgen al tratar con múltiples víctimas en los servicios médicos de urgencia y emergencia. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora. Se ha realizado un análisis de los materiales publicados en la literatura y los artículos científicos divulgados en las bases de datos: Scientific Eletronic Library Online, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online y Localizador de información en Salud. Se encontraron en las bases de datos, 25 estudios completos, después de leer los resúmenes, se seleccionaron 21 artículos para el análisis en su totalidad, siendo 17 elegidos para integrar la revisión integradora. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se observa que los equipos de atención prehospitalaria viven desafíos para atender a múltiples víctimas, y dentro de este paradigma existen varias etapas que deben seguirse, que implican la comunicación desde un protocolo de atención inicial hasta el transporte final. Por lo tanto, se observa la necesidad de realizar más estudios y desarrollar nuevas tecnologías que ayuden en la asistencia a las múltiples víctimas, así como la preparación y actualización de los profesionales.

Medical services for sports injuries and illnesses in the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic. To a certain extent, it has altered the way sporting activities operate. There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20, 2022. METHODS: We recorded the daily number of injuries and illnesses among athletes reported by Beijing 2022 medical staff in the polyclinic, medical venues, and ambulance. We calculated injury and illness incidence as the number of injuries or illnesses occurring during competition or training, respectively, with incidence presented as injuries/illnesses per 100 athlete-days. RESULTS: In total, 2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injury or illness. Beijing 2022 medical staff reported 326 injuries and 80 illnesses, equaling 11.3 injuries and 2.8 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 11％ of the athletes incurred at least one injury and nearly 3％ incurred at least one illness. The number of injured athletes was highest in the skating sports (n=104), followed by alpine skiing (n=53), ice track (n=37), freestyle skiing (n=36), and ice hockey (n=35), and was the lowest in the Nordic skiing disciplines (n=20). Of the 326 injuries, 14 (4.3％) led to an estimated absence from training or competition of more than 1 week. A total of 52 injured athletes were transferred to hospitals for further care. The number of athletes with illness (n=80) was the highest for skating (n=33) and Nordic skiing (n=22). A total of 50 illnesses (62.5％) were admitted to the department of dentistry/ophthalmology/otolaryngology, and the most common cause of illness was other causes, including preexisting illness and medicine (n=52, 65％). CONCLUSION: Overall, 11％ of athletes incurred at least one injury during the Games, which is similar to the findings during the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 and 2018. Regarding illness, 2％ of athletes were affected, which is approximately one-third of the number affected in the 2018 Olympic Winter Games.

Characteristics of frequent users of emergency departments living with major neurocognitive disorders: a cohort study / Características dos utilizadores frequentes dos departamentos de emergência que vivem com demência: um estudo de coorte

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e comparar as características dos adultos idosos, residentes na comunidade, que vivem com demência e que recorreram frequentemente aos departamentos de emergência. METODOLOGIA: Este é um estudo retrospetivo baseado numa análise secundária de dados administrativos provinciais de saúde no Quebeque, Canadá. Incluímos adultos idosos residentes na comunidade do Quebeque considerados utilizadores frequentes dos departamentos de emergência (mínimo de quatro visitas no ano seguinte a uma visita ao departamento de emergência indexada, escolhida aleatoriamente durante o período de 1 de janeiro de 2012 até 31 de dezembro de 2013) e diagnosticados com pelo menos uma condição crônica. Comparamos as características dos utilizadores frequentes que vivem com e sem demência utilizando os testes qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: A coorte do estudo consistiu em 21 393 utilizadores frequentes, dos quais 3051 (14,26%) foram identificados como portadores de demência. Os resultados salientam maior carga de condições crônicas, polifarmácia, uso de antipsicótico e serviços de saúde passados entre esses indivíduos. Os resultados também revelam maior proporção de doenças associadas a síndromes geriátricas como trauma e lesão, desnutrição, hipertensão ortostática e distúrbios de marcha. CONCLUSÃO: Os utilizadores frequentes dos serviços de emergência que vivem com demência representam uma população complexa. Os nossos resultados salientam a importância de abordar sistematicamente as suas necessidades, em contextos apropriados e por meio de intervenções personalizadas. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe and compare the characteristics of community-dwelling older adults living with or without major neurocognitive disorders who made frequent use of emergency departments. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study based on a secondary analysis of provincial health administrative data in Quebec, Canada. We included community-dwelling older adults from Quebec who were considered frequent emergency department users (a minimum of 4 visits in the year following an index emergency department visit chosen randomly between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013) and who had been diagnosed with at least one chronic condition. We compared characteristics of frequent users living with or without major neurocognitive disorders using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 21 393 frequent emergency department users, of which 3051 (14.26%) were identified as having a major neurocognitive disorder. The results highlight a higher burden of chronic conditions, polypharmacy, antipsychotic use, and past use of healthcare services among these individuals. The results also reveal a higher proportion of conditions associated with geriatric syndromes such as trauma and injury, malnutrition, orthostatic hypertension, and gait disorders. CONCLUSION: Frequent emergency department users living with major neurocognitive disorders represent a complex population. Our results highlight the importance of systematically addressing their needs in appropriate settings and through customized interventions. (AU)

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale in Brazil / Tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação da escala de Cincinnati no Brasil

ABSTRACT Background: Use of internationally standardized instruments to assist healthcare professionals in accurately recognizing stroke early is recommended. The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation is important for ensuring that scales are interpreted in the same way in different languages, thus ensuring applicability in several countries. Objective: To translate into Brazilian Portuguese, cross-culturally adapt and validate the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale, using a representative sample of the Brazilian population. Method: The present study included patients with suspected stroke who were treated at a Brazilian emergency medical service and referred to a stroke center. A systematic process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original scale and application of the final instrument was performed. Statistical analysis was used to assess the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the scale. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess inter-rater reliability. Results: After translation and cross-cultural adaptation, the scale was applied to 64 patients. It showed 93.0% accuracy and 92.4% sensitivity in relation to the final "gold standard" diagnosis. Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated using data from 26 patients (40.6%) and showed excellent inter-rater reliability between items on the scale (0.8385 to 1.0000). Conclusion: The scale demonstrated excellent accuracy, sensitivity and inter-rater reliability. It was a useful tool for assisting healthcare professionals during initial assessments on patients with suspected stroke and significantly contributed to early recognition of stroke in a simple and quick manner.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso de instrumentos padronizados internacionalmente para auxiliar os profissionais de saúde a reconhecer precocemente o AVC é recomendado. O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural tem sido importante para garantir que a escala seja interpretada da mesma maneira em diferentes idiomas, assegurando sua aplicabilidade em vários países. Objetivo: Traduzir para o idioma português do Brasil, adaptar transculturalmente e validar a Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale na população brasileira. Método: O estudo incluiu pacientes com suspeita de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) atendidos por um Serviço de Atendimento Móvel Urgência (SAMU) 192 e encaminhados para uma Unidade de Cuidado Integral ao AVC. Foram realizados um processo sistemático de tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala original e a aplicação do instrumento final, que possibilitou a realização dos testes de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, de acordo com o estudo original, além do índice de Cohen de Kappa, para avaliar a confiabilidade interobservador. Resultados: Após a tradução e a adaptação transcultural, a escala foi aplicada em 64 pacientes, apresentando acurácia de 93,0% e sensibilidade de 92,4% em relação ao diagnóstico final, considerado padrão-ouro. Em 26 pacientes (40,6%) foi possível calcular o índice de Cohen de Kappa, evidenciando excelente confiabilidade interobservador entre os itens da escala (0,8385 a 1,0000). Conclusão: A escala apresenta ótima acurácia, sensibilidade e concordância interobservador. Trata-se de um instrumento útil para auxiliar os profissionais da saúde durante a avaliação inicial do paciente com suspeita de AVC, uma vez que contribui significativamente para o reconhecimento precoce da doença de uma maneira simples e rápida.

Febre em crianças: procura de pais por serviços médicos de emergência / Fever in children: parents' search for urgent and emergency services

Resumo O estudo analisa a compreensão de pais ou responsáveis por crianças de zero a cinco anos acerca da febre, da condução e do atendimento desse quadro, realizado no serviço de urgência e emergência. A pesquisa qualitativa, por meio da técnica de análise temática, foi feita a partir de entrevistas com 14 pais ou responsáveis que procuraram um serviço pediátrico de urgência e emergência em um município do interior de São Paulo por esse motivo. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise temática. As experiencias dos pais que procuram esses serviços relacionam-se a três temas principais: temor da febre; os cuidados com criança febril; e a experiência de atendimento no serviço de urgência e emergência. Identificou-se que o medo exagerado da febre prevalece e que os pais/responsáveis se sentem seguros frente à tecnologia existente nos serviços de urgência e emergência. Os cuidados adotados, todavia, nem sempre são os recomendados para a situação apresentada.

Abstract The study analyses the understanding of parents or guardians of children aged zero to five years old about fever, the conduct and care for this condition, carried out in the urgent and emergency service. The qualitative research, which used the thematic analysis technique, was carried out through interviews with 14 parents or guardians who sought an urgent and emergency Pediatric Service in a municipality in the countryside of São Paulo for this reason. The experiences of parents who seek these services are associated to three main topics: fear of fever; care for a febrile child; and the experience of care at the urgent and emergency services. It was identified that an exaggerated fear of fever predominates and that parents / guardians feel safe regarding the existing technology found in urgent and emergency services. The adopted precautions, however, are not always those recommended for the existing situation.

Potencial de risco no trabalho cotidiano de equipes do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência - SAMU / Potential of risk in the daily work of teams of the Mobile Emergency Care Service - SAMU

O atendimento às urgências e emergências tem crescido e se tornado mais expressivo na sociedade brasileira e mundial, com destaque para o Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar Móvel (APH Móvel) pela possibilidade de atendimento precoce, rápido e eficaz às vítimas de agravos diversos. No Brasil, o APH Móvel é realizado pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), componente da rede de urgência e emergência do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), acionado pelo número 192. A imprevisibilidade e complexidade dos atendimentos podem desencadear a ocorrência de incidentes e eventos adversos (EA) que poderiam ser evitados a partir da identificação de potenciais de risco. Os objetivos deste estudo foi analisar situações com potencial de risco para os usuários no trabalho cotidiano do Serviço de Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar Móvel de Urgência; e, compreender o trabalho cotidiano dos profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar Móvel de Urgência evidenciando situações de risco que contribuem para os incidentes com os usuários. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado no referencial teórico do Cotidiano de Michel de Certeau. Participaram do estudo 32 profissionais do SAMU de Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais/BR (médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos em enfermagem e condutores) que trabalham diretamente na assistência, e duas coordenadoras, a do Núcleo de Educação Permanente (NEP) e a de enfermagem. Coletaram-se os dados no período de julho a outubro de 2020, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com roteiro semiestruturado, realizadas on-line, via plataforma virtual. Escolheram-se os participantes de acordo com a técnica snowball, que consiste na escolha dos participantes iniciais de uma amostra que indicam outros eventuais participantes e assim sucessivamente, até a saturação de dados. Submeteram-se as entrevistas à Análise de Conteúdo Temática, e utilizou-se, como recurso para organização dos dados, o software MAXQDA®, versão 2020. Da análise, emergiram quatro categorias: 1- Organização da rotina de trabalho das equipes do SAMU; 2 - Situações adversas na assistência ao usuário; 3 - Potencial de risco no trabalho cotidiano do SAMU; 4 - Mudanças no trabalho cotidiano de equipes do SAMU diante da Covid-19. A primeira categoria revelou que as equipes do SAMU organizam seu trabalho cotidiano utilizando protocolos, normas e rotinas, na passagem de plantão, incluindo organização da ambulância, checagem dos materiais e medicamentos necessários aos atendimentos que constituem estratégias para definir a organização do serviço. Na segunda categoria, descrevem-se situações adversas vivenciadas pelos profissionais cotidianamente. Devido à natureza dinâmica, complexa e imprevisível dos atendimentos, situações de violência e a gravidade dos pacientes, as equipes, muitas vezes, adaptam as normas, criam e reinventam novos modos de fazer que não estão prescritos nas normas e rotinas, mas que são necessários para assegurar a assistência aos usuários. A terceira categoria apresenta situações potenciais de risco durante os atendimentos das equipes aos usuários, desencadeando possíveis incidentes que poderiam ser reduzidos/evitados. A quarta categoria evidencia as mudanças ocorridas no trabalho cotidiano das equipes com a pandemia do Covid-19, com a implementação de medidas preventivas antes, durante e após os atendimentos, bem como mudanças na paramentação e higienização das ambulâncias para mitigar os riscos aos usuários. Conclui-se que o trabalho cotidiano de equipes do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência é marcado por estratégias por meio de protocolos, normas e rotinas, mas diante das situações adversas e desafiadoras, os profissionais criam e recriam novas maneiras de praticar o cuidado ao paciente.

Urgent and emergency care has grown and become more significant in Brazilian and global society, with emphasis on Mobile Pre-Hospital Care (APH Mobile) for the possibility of early, fast and effective care for victims of various diseases. In Brazil, APH Mobile is carried out by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU), a component of the urgency and emergency network of the Unified Health System (SUS), called 192. The unpredictability and complexity of care can trigger the occurrence incidents and adverse events (AE) that could be avoided by identifying potential risk. The objectives of this study were to analyze situations with potential risk for users in the daily work of the Mobile Emergency Pre-Hospital Care Service; and, understand the daily work of professionals in the Mobile Emergency Pre-Hospital Care Service, highlighting risk situations that contribute to incidents with users. This is a qualitative study, based on the theoretical framework of Daily Life by Michel de Certeau. Thirty-two SAMU professionals from Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais/BR (doctors, nurses, nursing technicians and conductors) who work directly in care, and two coordinators, one from the Nucleus of Continuing Education (NEP) and one from nursing participated in the study. Data were collected from July to October 2020, through in-depth interviews with a semi-structured script, carried out online, via a virtual platform. Participants were chosen according to the snowball technique, which consists of choosing the initial participants of a sample that indicate other possible participants, and so on, until data saturation. The interviews were submitted to Thematic Content Analysis, and the MAXQDA® software, version 2020, was used as a resource for data organization. From the analysis, four categories emerged: 1- Organization of the work routine of the SAMU teams; 2 - Adverse situations in user assistance; 3 - Potential for risk in the SAMU's daily work; 4 - Changes in the daily work of SAMU teams in front of Covid-19. The first category revealed that SAMU teams organize their daily work using protocols, rules and routines, when shifting shifts, including organizing the ambulance, checking the materials and medications necessary for care, which constitute strategies to define the organization of the service. In the second category, adverse situations experienced by professionals on a daily basis are described. Due to the dynamic, complex and unpredictable nature of care, situations of violence and the severity of patients, teams often adapt the rules, create and reinvent new ways of doing that are not prescribed in the rules and routines, but which are necessary to ensure assistance to users. The third category presents potential risk situations during the teams' assistance to users, triggering possible incidents that could be reduced/avoided. The fourth category shows the changes that have occurred in the daily work of teams with the Covid-19 pandemic, with the implementation of preventive measures before, during and after the appointments, as well as changes in the lining and cleaning of ambulances to mitigate risks to users. It is concluded that the daily work of teams in the mobile emergency care service is marked by strategies through protocols, standards and routines, but in the face of adverse and challenging situations, professionals create and recreate new ways to practice patient care.

Current situation of emergency medical service system for patients with acute myocardial infarction in Hebei Province and its influence on treatment and prognosis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the current situation of emergency medical service (EMS) system and its effect on treatment of the acute stage and short- and long-term prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction in Hebei province.Methods:Totally 2 961 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to major tertiary and some representative secondary hospitals in Hebei province from January 2016 to December 2016 were collected. According to the pattern of arriving hospital, all the patients were divided into the EMS group and self-transport group. The general conditions, time from onset to treatment, treatment methods, in-hospital mortality rate and 3-year mortality rate were compared between the two groups.Results:Of the included 2 961 patients, 33.13% of them were transported through EMS and 66.87% of them by private transport. Patients with a history of hypertension and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were more likely to choose EMS, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Moreover, patients in the EMS group were more likely to go to tertiary hospitals for treatment (88.58% vs 85.76%, P=0.033). The time from onset to treatment of the EMS group was significantly shorter than that of the self-transport group (160 min vs 185 min, P<0.01), and the proportion of patients in the EMS group from onset-to-door time in <3 h and 3-6 h was higher than that of the self-transport group (55.76% vs 49.14%, 21.41% vs 19.09%, P<0.01). Compared with the self-transport group, the EMS group has a higher rate of reperfusion therapy (67.48% vs 61.67%, P=0.002). Patients in the EMS group had a higher in-hospital mortality rate in the acute stage (7.03% vs 4.44%, P=0.003), but its 3-year mortality rate was lower than that of the self-transport group (17.31% vs 20.77%, P<0.05). Conclusions:EMS can shorten symptom-onset-to-arrival time, increase the rate of reperfusion therapy and improve long-term prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Trends and challenges of emergency and acute care in Chinese mainland: 2005-2017 / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Emergency medical service system (EMSS) is essential in providing acute care services for health conditions. However, trends of emergency and acute care in China haven’t been studied systematically. METHODS: Relevant literature was carefully reviewed, including original and review articles, letters, government reports, yearbooks, both in Chinese and in English. Data on the number of emergency visits, physicians and beds in emergency departments (EDs), and the workforce of pre-hospital emergency care were summarized and analyzed from China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbooks (2006-2018). RESULTS: Over the past decade, the number of ED visits tripled from 51.9 million to 166.5 million; and utilization of pre-hospital emergency care increased from 3.2 million to 6.8 million. In response to rapid increases in demand, the number of licensed emergency physicians raised from 20,058 to 59,409; the beds’ number increased from 10,783 to 42,367. For pre-hospital emergency care, the volume of health workforce increased from 3,687 to 8,671, with a 109% increase in the number of physicians from 1,774 to 3,712. However, overcrowding, the long length of stay in EDs, poor work environment, and work exhaustion were still the critical challenges faced by China’s EMSS. CONCLUSIONS: The number of emergency visits has grown with continual capability enhancement during the past decade. However, overcrowding, the long length of stay in EDs, poor work environment, and work exhaustion still need to be solved by China’s EMSS. These findings and comparison with the USA could offer experiences and lessons to EMSS development worldwide, especially for developing countries.

Knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 among emergency medical service workers

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Good knowledge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare workers is essential for keeping health systems active and controlling the outbreak. We aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) employees who fight COVID-19 at the forefront. METHODS: A total of 400 EMS workers (doctors, nurses, emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and ambulance drivers) were included in this study. Knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors for COVID-19 were evaluated using an online questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 275 EMS workers participated in the study with a response rate of 68.8%. The respondents reported that their highest common sources of knowledge about COVID-19 were social media and television (n=240, 88%). Overall, > 96% of the participants had adequate knowledge about the transmission routes of COVID-19. Among the respondents, 36% of them were unaware of the correct hand washing or scrubbing technique. In addition, 78% of the participants had poor knowledge about floor and surface disinfection. The majority of the participants exhibited inaccurate attitudes toward the use of personal preventive equipment. More than half of EMS workers (52%) agreed that a surgical mask is not enough during the procedures that do not generate aerosol. Moreover, a significant proportion of the participants (66%) perceived that a N95 mask is required. CONCLUSIONS: As a consequence, although emergency workers have sufficient basic knowledge about COVID-19, there is a need for postgraduate training in many subjects.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Um bom conhecimento sobre a doença por coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) entre profissionais de saúde é essencial para manter os sistemas de saúde ativos e controlar o surto. Nosso objetivo foi investigar o conhecimento e as atitudes dos funcionários do serviço médico de emergência (EMS) que lutam com o COVID-19 na vanguarda. MÉTODOS: Um total de 400 trabalhadores do SME (médicos, enfermeiros, técnico de emergência médica, paramédicos e motoristas de ambulância) foram incluídos neste estudo. Conhecimento, atitude e comportamentos preventivos para COVID-19 foram avaliados usando um questionário on-line. RESULTADOS: Um total de 275 trabalhadores do SME participou do estudo com uma taxa de resposta de 68,8%. Os entrevistados relataram que as maiores fontes comuns de conhecimento sobre COVID-19 foram as mídias sociais e a televisão (n = 240, 88%). No geral,> 96% dos participantes tinham conhecimento adequado sobre as rotas de transmissão do COVID-19. Entre os entrevistados, 36% deles desconheciam a técnica correta de lavar ou esfregar as mãos. Além disso, 78% dos participantes tinham pouco conhecimento sobre desinfecção de pisos e superfícies. A maioria dos participantes exibiu atitudes imprecisas em relação ao uso de equipamentos preventivos pessoais. Mais da metade dos trabalhadores do SME (52%) concordou que a máscara cirúrgica não é suficiente durante os procedimentos que não geram aerossol. Além disso, uma proporção significativa dos participantes (66%) percebeu que a máscara N95 é necessária. CONCLUSÕES: Como conseqüência, embora os trabalhadores de emergência tenham conhecimento básico suficiente sobre o COVID-19, há necessidade de treinamento de pós-graduação em muitas disciplinas.

Acidentes com motocicletas: a ótica de enfermeiros do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Accidents with motorcycles: a view of nurses of the urgent mobile care services / Accidentes con motocicletas: la vista de los enfermeros del servicio de atención móvil de urgencia

Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre os acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) de Sobral. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa realizado com enfermeiros do SAMU do município de Sobral-Ceará, atualmente composto por oito enfermeiros. Resultados: os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que os enfermeiros do SAMU, tem conhecimento sobre a práxis das intercorrências dos motociclistas. Neste sentido, a associação entre os condutores com a não utilização de capacete e a imprudência no trânsito prevaleceram entre as principais morbidades; e dentre as principais lesões, as abrasões e as fraturas destacam-se como mais comuns. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que a atuação da enfermagem é imprescindível em todo processo de assistência à população-alvo do atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH), desde a prevenção de eventos à orientação e educação em saúde

Objective: to find out nurses' perception of the motorcycle accidents attended by the Sobral Emergency Mobile Service (SAMU). Method: this is a descriptive exploratory study, with a qualitative approach performed with nurses from the SAMU in the city of Sobral-Ceará, currently composed of eight nurses. Results: the results of the research show that the nurses of the SAMU, have knowledge about the praxis of the intercurrences of the motorcyclists. In this sense, the links between the drivers without helmet and the imprudence in the traffic prevailed between the main morbidities; and among the main lesions, abrasions and fractures stand out as the most common injuries. Conclusion: it appeared that nursing performance is essential in any assistance process to the target population in prehospital care (APH), from the prevention of events to orientation and health education

Objetivo: conocer la percepción de los enfermeros sobre los accidentes motociclísticos atendidos por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) de Sobral. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo realizado con enfermeros del SAMU del municipio de Sobral-Ceará, actualmente compuesto por ocho enfermeros. Resultados: los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que los enfermeros del SAMU, tienen conocimiento sobre la praxis de las intercurrencias de los motociclistas. En este sentido, la asociación entre los conductores con la no utilización de casco y la imprudencia en el tránsito prevalecieron entre las principales morbilidades; y entre las principales lesiones, las abrasiones y las fracturas se destacan como más comunes. Conclusión: se evidenció que la actuación de la enfermería es imprescindible en todo proceso de asistencia a la población objetivo de la atención prehospitalaria (APH), desde la prevención de eventos a la orientación y educación en salud

Factors Associated With Delayed Ambulance Response Time In Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan

@#Ambulance response time is one of the key performance of ambulances services. The objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with delayed ambulance response time in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). This was a cross sectional study conducted in Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (EDHUSM) between January 2016 to January 2017. A total of 300 ambulance calls were included in our analysis. Data were collected by ambulance paramedic using validated ambulance form. All ambulance forms with missing data were excluded from this study. Of the 300 ambulance calls within the study periods, 254 cases (84.7%) were determined to have delayed ambulance response time. Current ambulance response time is 14 minutes with interquartile range of 5 minutes. Factors which showed significant association delayed ambulance response time include distance from hospital, location, type of emergency and ambulance mechanism. The odd of delayed ambulance response time by every increase in distance unit was 1.59 (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.85). For location type, the odd of delayed ambulance response time for public location as compared to road was 0.13 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.45). For ambulance mechanism, the odd of delayed ambulance response time for beacon type as compared to siren type was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69). Further intervention should be initiated based on our findings to improve current ambulance response time.

Autopercepção do estresse ocupacional na equipe de enfermagem de um serviço de emergência / Self-perceived occupational stress in the nursing team of an emergency service / Estrés ocupacional autopercibido en el equipo de enfermería de un servicio de emergência

Objetivo: identificar o perfil e a autopercepção do estresse na equipe de enfermagem atuante em setor de emergência. Método: pesquisa transversal e descritiva com abordagem quantitativa, por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado, entre os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2018, em Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais foram mulheres, casadas, na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos, com filhos, ensino médio completo e com até 3 anos de experiência profissional na área de enfermagem. Prevaleceu vínculo empregatício único e fixo. Todos os profissionais apontaram ao menos uma manifestação de estresse, seja por alterações cognitivas, físicas, emocionais ou comportamentais que afetam diretamente o desempenho laboral. Conclusão: o perfil do ambiente, a sobrecarga e intenso ritmo de trabalho repercutem negativamente na saúde destes trabalhadores. Diante disso, a rápida identificação e avaliação dos casos é imprescindível para a implementação de estratégias, com vistas à beneficiar a saúde do trabalhador e garantir melhorias no clima laboral.

Objective: to identify the profile and self-perception of stress in the nursing team working in the emergency sector. Method: cross-sectional and descriptive research with a quantitative approach, through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire, from October to December 2018, in Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso. Results: most of the professionals were women, married, aged 31 to 40 years, with children, complete high school and with up to 3 years of professional experience in the nursing area. There was a single and fixed employment relationship. All professionals indicated at least one manifestation of stress, whether due to cognitive, physical, emotional or behavioral changes that directly affect work performance. Conclusion: the environmental profile, the overload and the intense work pace negatively affect the health of these workers. Given this, the rapid identification and assessment of cases is essential for the implementation of strategies to benefit workers' health and ensure improvements in the working environment.

Objetivo: identificar el perfil y la autopercepción del estrés en el equipo de enfermería activo en el sector de emergencia. Método: investigación transversal y descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo, a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado, de octubre a diciembre de 2018, em Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Resultados: la mayoría de los profesionales eran mujeres, casadas, en el grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años, con hijos, Escuela Secundaria Técnica, con experiencia profesional de hasta 3 años y empleo individual y fijo. Todos los profesionales mostraron al menos una manifestación de estrés, ya sea por alteraciones cognitivas, físicas, emocionales o conductuales que afectan directamente el rendimiento del trabajo. Conclusión: el perfil ambiental, la sobrecarga y el intenso ritmo de trabajo afectan negativamente la salud de estos trabajadores. Dado esto, la rápida identificación y evaluación de los casos es esencial para la implementación de estrategias que beneficien la salud de los trabajadores y aseguren mejoras en el clima laboral.

Preliminary study on application of drones in a county emergency medical service system / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the feasibility and advantage of the drones in a county emergency medical service system.@*Methods@#The study was conducted in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province from January to September 2018. The Changxing County People's Hospital and the health centers within its radius of 25 km were included in the study. Three types of indicators were obtained by using commercial drones to transfer simulated first-aid medical supplies from health centers to county people's hospitals: (1)The flight time of the drone; (2) The road traffic time measured by Baidu map and Tencent map software of the above-mentioned route at midnight; (3) The road traffic time measured by Amap software of these routes at 0: 00, 8: 00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00. The road traffic time at different time points measured by map softwares and drones flight time were compared. Wilcoxon symbolic rank test was used for statistical analysis, and P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*Results@#(1) A total of 10 health centers were involved in this study, the air straight-line distance between them and the county people's hospital was (10.97±3.59) km, and the road traffic distance was (13.61±4.95) km. (2) The flight time of drone was (16.35±5.15) min, less than road traffic time measured by Amap, Baidu and Tencent map software, which were (21.40±5.15) min, (22.50±6.11) min, (22.00±5.23) min, respectively (P< 0.01). (3)The road traffic time measured by Amap software was longer than that of drones from 0:00 to 20:00 (P< 0.01), with the maximum time of (27.80±6.12) min at 18:00, and the minimum time of (21.40±5.15) min at midnight. Drones could save up 14.07 min at most and 2.8 min at least, with an average save of (7.98±1.32) min.@*Conclusions@#Drone might be used to transfer first aid medical supplies between health centers in a county area, which is faster than road transportation. It has a better application prospect and is worth to further study.

Construction of Pre-hospital and In-hospital Emergency Medical Service System Based on 5G Communication Technology / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective@#To explore a new platform for pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical services based on a new generation of 5G communication technology, providing a basis for further improving the level of emergency medical services.@*Methods@#This study was conducted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from October 2017 to April 2019. Based on the latest requirements of emergency medical services at home and abroad, the cross-enterprise and multi-disciplinary technical forces were organized to build platform. Firstly, to determine the process of pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical services, various modules and technical routes were constructed under 5G conditions and individual technologies were tested one by one. Then they were gradually integrated into two platforms of ambulance and hospital emergency. Finally, the simulation test is carried out under the support of the whole 5G network.@*Results@#The pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical service platform based on 5G technology comprises of 5G ambulance, 5G panoramic VR real-time display system, 5G remote ultrasonic examination system, medical drone system, and 5G emergency command platform. 5G ambulance contains medical equipments such as multi-function monitor, ventilator, defibrillation monitor, portable B-ultrasound, high-definition remote video interactive system based on 5G network, VR immersive real-time panoramic experience system, and GPS positioning system. 5G panoramic VR real-time display system includes VR panoramic camera and VR glasses. The wearer with VR glasses can view the real-time situation on the ambulance, which makes a preliminary judgment on the patient's condition and provides rescue guidance. 5G remote ultrasonic examination system integrates robot technology, real-time remote control technology, and ultrasonic imaging technology. The specialist can control the movement of the ultrasonic probe set on the 5G ambulance by manipulating the mechanical arm. The patient's image and color super-picture can also be simultaneously returned to the specialist. The medical drone system enables the medical resources to be allocated in the shortest possible time through the 5G networked drones, so as to eliminate the delay caused by traffic congestion. 5G emergency command platform can integrate, transmit, and display data from multiple sources and forms through web pages in assistance of AI and internet of things.@*Conclusions@#The new platform for pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medical services based on 5G technology can realize more fluent information exchange in pre-hospital and in-hospital, and realize the functions that are difficult to achieve under the previous network conditions.

Design and construction of an intelligent pre-hospital emergency synergy system / 中华医院管理杂志

As a key part of the emergency medical system, pre-hospital emergency service proves critical for critical care, higher pre-hospital care success rate, improvement of patient outcome, and promotion of health recovery. This paper analyzed the status quo of pre-hospital emergency services information, discussed the application of information technology in pre-hospital industries including command and dispatch system, ambulance real-time positioning and tracking system, pre-hospital emergency video surveillance system, medical record system, electronic patient health file system, electronic payment system, and data mining and analysis system.Furthermore, it also discussed the prospect of sizably upgrading pre-hospital emergency service and building intelligent pre-hospital emergency coordination system.

Design and construction of an intelligent pre-hospital emergency synergy system / 中华医院管理杂志

As a key part of the emergency medical system,pre-hospital emergency service proves critical for critical care,higher pre-hospital care success rate,improvement of patient outcome,and promotion of health recovery.This paper analyzed the status quo of pre-hospital emergency services information,discussed the application of information technology in pre-hospital industries including command and dispatch system,ambulance real-time positioning and tracking system,pre-hospital emergency video surveillance system,medical record system,electronic patient health file system,electronic payment system,and data mining and analysis system.Furthermore,it also discussed the prospect of sizably upgrading prehospital emergency service and building intelligent pre-hospital emergency coordination system.